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Cooperative banks, also called mutual savings and loans, exist in most parts of
the world. They offer financial services on a cooperative basis.
Like credit unions, cooperative banks are owned by their customers and follow
the cooperative principle of one person, one vote. Unlike credit unions however,
cooperative banks are often regulated under both banking and cooperative
legislation. They provide services such as savings and loans to non-members as
well as to members. Many cooperative banks are traded on public stock markets,
meaning that they are partially owned by non-members.
Cooperative banking systems are also usually more integrated than credit union
systems. Local branches of cooperative banks elect their own boards of directors
and manage their own operations, but most strategic decisions require approval
from the central office. Credit unions usually retain strategic decision-making
at a local level, though they share 'back-office' functions like access to the
global payments system by federating.
In North America
In North America, the caisse populaire movement started by Alphonse Desjardins
in Quebec, Canada pioneered credit unions. Desjardins wanted to bring
desperately needed financial protection to working people. In 1900, from his
home in Lévis, Quebec, he opened North America's first credit union, marking the
beginning of the Mouvement Desjardins.
In Europe and other continents
UK
British Building Societies developed into general-purpose savings & banking
institutions with "one member, one vote" ownership and can be seen as a form of
financial cooperative (although many 'de-mutualised' into conventionally-owned
banks in the 1980s & 1990s). The UK Co-operative Group includes both an
insurance provider CIS and the Co-operative Bank, both noted for promoting
ethical investment.
Continental Europe
Other important European cooperative banking systems include the Crédit
Agricole, Crédit Mutuel, Banque Populaire and Caisse d'épargne in France,
Rabobank in the Netherlands, BVR/DZ Bank in Germany, Banca Popolare di Milano in
Italy, Migros and Coop Bank in Switzerland and the Raiffeisen system in many
Central and Eastern European countries. Spain, Austria, Poland and other
European countries also have strong cooperative banks. They play an important
role in providing mortgage and business credit. The cooperative banks that are
members of the European Association of Co-operative Banks have 130 million
customers, $4 trillion euros in assets, and 17% of Europe's deposits.
Cooperative banking networks, which were nationalized in Eastern Europe, work
now as real cooperative institutions. The 584 cooperative banks in Poland have
more than 9% share of Polish banking system. They have nearly 14 billion dollars
in assets and have nearly 3,700 outlets.
In Scandinavia, there is a clear distinction between mutual savings banks
(Sparbank) and true credit unions (Andelsbank).
Others
The more recent phenomena of Microcredit and microfinance are often based on a
cooperative model and were first developed in third world countries, but are
quickly spreading to the rest of the world. They focus on small business
lending. In 2006, Muhammad Yunus founder of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh won
the Nobel Peace Prize for his development and pursuit of the microcredit
concept.
The Anyonya Co-operative Bank in India is considered to be the first cooperative
bank in Asia.
Criticism
Cooperative banks are often criticised for dilution of cooperative principles.
Principles 2-4 of the Statement on the Co-operative Identity assert that members
must control both the governance systems and capital of their cooperatives. A
cooperative bank that raises capital on public stock markets creates a second
class of shareholders who compete with the members for control. In some
circumstances, the members may lose control. This effectively means that the
bank ceases to be a cooperative. Accepting deposits from non-members can also
lead to a dilution of member control.
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